Terpenes are organic compounds found in a wide variety of plants, including grapes. These compounds contribute to the flavors and aromas of many fruits, flowers, and herbs. Interestingly, terpenes also play a significant role in the aging process of wine when it is stored in specific vessels.
Terpenes: Nature’s Aromas
Before we delve into the relationship between terpenes and wine aging vessels, let’s take a moment to understand what terpenes are and why they matter. Terpenes are aromatic compounds found in various plants, responsible for the distinct smells and flavors we associate with them. They are synthesized in plants as a defense mechanism against predators and also act as attractants for pollinators.
In the case of grapes, terpenes contribute to the unique aromas and flavors of different grape varieties. For example, Muscat grapes are known for their pronounced floral and fruity aromas, largely due to the abundance of terpenes they contain. Terpenes can exhibit a wide range of smells, including floral, citrusy, spicy, and herbal notes, making them an essential component of the wine tasting experience.
Terpenes and Wine Aging
When it comes to wine aging, terpenes are crucial to the development of complex flavors and aromas. During the aging process, wine undergoes a series of chemical reactions that transform its taste and texture. Terpenes play a role in this transformation, interacting with other compounds present in the wine and contributing to its overall profile.
The Influence of Wine Aging Vessels
The vessel in which wine is aged can have a significant impact on how terpenes interact with the wine, ultimately influencing its flavor and character. Here are the three main types of wine aging vessels and how they relate to terpenes:
Oak Barrels
- Oak barrels are the most traditional vessels used for wine aging. They are known to impart distinct flavors and aromas to the wine, thanks to the presence of various volatile compounds in the wood.
- Oak contains its own set of terpenes, such as vanillin, which can contribute vanilla-like flavors to the wine.
- Terpenes from the grapes can also interact with the oak compounds, resulting in the development of more complex and nuanced aromas.
- Additionally, the porous nature of oak barrels allows for slow and controlled oxygenation, which can help soften the wine’s tannins and create a smoother mouthfeel.
Stainless Steel Tanks
- Stainless steel tanks are a popular choice for aging white wines and preserving their fresh, fruity aromas.
- Unlike oak barrels, stainless steel does not impart any flavors or aromas to the wine, allowing the natural fruit and floral terpenes to shine through.
- This vessel type is particularly beneficial for wines that are meant to be consumed young, as it helps maintain their vibrant and crisp character.
Concrete Vats
- Concrete vats have gained popularity in recent years as an alternative to oak barrels. They provide a middle ground between oak and stainless steel, offering some oxygenation and subtle flavor influence.
- Concrete is porous, allowing for a slow exchange of oxygen, similar to oak barrels.
- Terpenes from the grapes can interact with the concrete, contributing to the wine’s overall flavor complexity.
- Concrete vats are often favored for wines that benefit from extended aging, as they provide a more gradual oxygen exchange compared to stainless steel tanks.